Good heat insulation in the building or adopting some proactive measures can give you relief from both severe summer heat as well as the winter cold. The main factors that determine the thermal behaviour of a building are the heat gains or losses through the ceiling, roof, walls, windows and floor. Shading of windows: Shading devices generally used are louvers, sun-shades, verandah, curtains - using materials like heat absorbing glass or painted glass. Colour & surface: Light coloured and smooth materials have higher reflectivity than dark coloured and rough materials. Whitewash, white paints and marble have high reflectivity coefficient. Heat-insulation of roof: Heat insulating materials like a mud phuska can be applied externally. False ceilings with an air gap can be built internally. Water sprinkling on roof. Whitewashing the roof before summer. Applying reflecting materials on the roof. Head insulation of exposed walls: Construct wall of sufficient thickness. A brick wall of 23 cm thickness is adequate. Thermal performance can be further improved by - Providing cavity walls (gap between two walls) and hollow bricks. Constructing a wall with suitable lightweight materials. Applying a light colour on the external surface. Mud phuska terracing Mud phuska terracing and paving with brick tiles is good for waterproofing and heat proofing of flat roofs. This is best suited for hot and arid regions. Soil mixed with water is applied on a bitumen laid roof surface. The water quantity should be such that soil can retain its shape in the form of a ball. Generally, 150 litres of water is sufficient for 1 cubic metre of mud phuska. A slope of 1:50 and with 1" thickness at the end is adequate. After laying the mud phuska, the surface should be coated with mud plaster (a mixture of clay soil, wood shavings and water) of 1" thickness. After the plaster has dried, the surface should be coated with cow dung so as to fill any hair cracks that may have formed in the mud plaster. Finally, flat tile bricks should be laid using a minimum amount of plain mud mortar as bedding for the correct slope. Ensure that mud mortar does not rise to the vertical joints of the tiles by more than ½ inch. The thickness of the joints should not be more than ½ inch. It is essential that tiles are allowed to set and the bedding mortar dries up, so that the tiles are not disturbed during subsequent operation of grouting of the joints. The joints of the tiles are than grouted with cement mortar of 1:3 (1 part cement and 3 parts fine sand) such that all the joints of the tiles are completely filled with mortar. The cement used for grouting mortar can be mixed with 2% of waterproofing compound (1 kg per bag of cement). Water curing is recommended for 7 days, after completion of the application. Rainwater harvesting Utilising rainwater: Rainwater can supplement some of your water needs, if harnessed properly. Harvested rainwater can serve a variety of purposes, some of which include: Increase ground water recharge Reduce seawater ingress in coastal areas Provide water for general purposes There is tremendous potential for water harvesting in our country. Consider your own building with a flat terrace area of 100 square metres. Assume that the average rainfall in your area is 40" or 1000 mm approximately. Thus, even if only 60 percent of the total rainfall is harvested, you will be able to harvest 100 x1.0 x 0.6 = 60 cum i.e. 60,000 litres of water a year. This volume is more than a year's (about 400 days) domestic water requirement of one person, assuming average daily water requirement for domestic use per person is 150 litres. If we use the stored rainwater only during the monsoons for washing clothes or cars, you will help in reducing the overall water needed from public utilities and therefore prevent water shortage in summer. In some developed countries, buildings are required to supplement their water needs through rainwater harvesting. In many cities of our country, there is a major thrust on rainwater harvesting in individual houses, while provision for rainwater harvesting is compulsory. You can also recharge groundwater by connecting the water from rooftops to the bore or open well through a filter. Highlights 1) Heat gains or losses through ceilings, roof, walls, windows and floors determine thermal behaviour. 2) Light coloured and smooth materials have higher reflectivity than dark coloured and rough material. 3) Construct walls of sufficient thickness for better insulation. 4) Harvested rainwater increases groundwater reserves. 5) Rainwater harvesting can help in saving of public water supply. ............ internet
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